French Republic

French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitarysovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. Metropolitan France extends from theMediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from theRhine to the Atlantic Ocean; due to its shape, it is often referred to in French as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon"). France is one of only three countries (withMorocco and Spain) to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines.

By area, France is the 42nd largest country in the world but the largest country in Western Europe and the European Union (EU), and the third-largest in Europe as a whole. With a population approaching 67 million, it is the 20thmost populated country in the world and the second-most populated country in the EU. France is a semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the nation's largest city and the main cultural and commercial center. The currentConstitution of France, adopted by referendum on 4 October 1958, establishes the country as secular and democratic, with its sovereignty derived from the people. The nation's ideals are expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, one of the world's earliest documents onhuman rights, which was formulated during the seminal French Revolution of the late 18th century.

France has been a major power in Europe since the Late Middle Ages, reaching the height of global prominence during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when it possessed the second-largest colonial empire in the world.Throughout its long history, France has produced many influential artists, thinkers, and scientists, and remains a prominent global center of culture. It hosts the world's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually – the most of any country in the world.

France remains a great power with significant cultural, economic, military, andpolitical influence in Europe and around the world. It has the world's fifth-largest military budget,third-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons,andsecond-largest diplomatic corps. Due to its overseas regions and territoriesthroughout the world, France has the second-largest exclusive economic zonein the world.France is a developed country and has the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by purchasing power parity.In terms of total household wealth, France is the wealthiest nation in Europe and fourth in the world.

French citizens enjoy a high standard of living, and the country performs well ininternational rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, civil liberties, and human development. France is a founding member of the United Nations, where it serves as one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. It is a member of numerous international institutions, including the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and La Francophonie. France is a founding and leading member state of the EU.

GERMANY

Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland,pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ,s a federalparliamentary republic in western-central Europe consisting of 16constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Its capital city andlargest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 80.6 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union. Germany is a major economic and political power of the European continent and a historic leader in many cultural, theoretical and technical fields.

Various Germanic tribes have occupied what is now northern Germany and southern Scandinavia since classical antiquity. A region namedGermania was documented by the Romans before AD 100. During theMigration Period that coincided with the decline of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes expanded southward and established kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire.Protestant Reformation. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in theunification of most of the German states in 1871 into the German Empire, which was dominated by Prussia.

During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the

After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentaryWeimar Republic in 1918 and lost some of its territory in the Treaty of Versailles. Despite its lead in many scientific and cultural fields at this time, Germany experienced significant economic and political instability which intensified during the Great Depression. The establishment of theThird Reich or Nazi Regime in 1933 eventually led to World War II and the Holocaust. After 1945, Germany was divided by Allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990, the country was reunified.

Germany has the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth-largest by purchasing power parity. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and third-largest importer of goods. It is a developed country with a very high standard of living, featuring comprehensivesocial security that includes the world's oldest universal health caresystem. Known for its rich cultural and political history, Germany has been the home of many influential philosophers, artists, musicians,scientists, and inventors. Germany was a founding member of theEuropean Community in 1957, which became the EU in 1993. It is part of the Schengen Area, and has been a member of the eurozone since 1999. Germany is a great power, and a member of the United Nations,NATO, the G8, the G20, the OECD and the Council of Europe.

KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS

The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch:  Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (help·info); Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkoːnɪŋkrɛik dɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə(n)]; Papiamento: Reino Hulandes), commonly known as the Netherlands,sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the kingdom – Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten – are referred to as countries (landen in Dutch) and participate on a basis of equality as partners in the kingdom.In practice, however, most of the kingdom affairs are administered by the Netherlands (which comprises roughly 98% of the kingdom's land area and population) on behalf of the entire kingdom. This means that Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are dependent on the Netherlands for matters like foreign policyand defence, although they are autonomous to a certain degree with their own parliaments.

is a

The vast majority of the constituent country of the Netherlands (as well as the kingdom) is located in Europe, with the exception of its threespecial municipalities (Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius) that are located in the Caribbean. The constituent countries of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are located in the Caribbean as well.

NORWAY

                                              norway 

(Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway (Kongeriket Norge in Bokmål and Kongeriket Noreg in Nynorsk), is a Scandinavian unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of theScandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island.^{[note 1]} Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of 5,109,059 people. (01.01. 2014)^[10] It is the 2nd least densely populated country in Europe. The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden (1,619 kmor 1,006 mi long), which is the longest uninterrupted border within bothScandinavia and Europe at large. Norway is bordered by Finland andRussia to the north-east, and the Skagerrak Strait to the south, withDenmark on the other side. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is laced with fjords, a renowned part of its landscape. The capital city Oslo is the largest in the nation, with a population of around 630,000. Norway has extensive reserves ofpetroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, fresh water, andhydropower.

Two centuries of Viking raids to southern and western areas tapered off following the adoption of Christianity in AD 994. Norway expanded its control overseas to parts of Britain, Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Norwegian power peaked in 1265, but competition from the Hanseatic League and the spread of the Black Death weakened the country. In 1380, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a constitution. Sweden went to war with Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the unionunder a Swedish king. Later Norway demanded independence, which it gained in a referendum in 1905. Norway remained neutral in World War I. Despite its declaration of neutrality in World War II, Norway was occupiedfor 5 years by forces of Nazi Germany. In 1949 it abandoned neutrality, becoming a founding member of NATO. Discovery of oil in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes.

King Harald V is Norway's head of state and Erna Solberg became Prime Minister on 16 October 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg, and the government made a shift from being a labour to a conservative government. It has administrative subdivisions on two levels, known as counties (fylke) and municipalities (kommuner). The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act. Norwaymaintains close ties with the European Union and its member countries (despite rejecting full EU membership in two referenda), as well as with theUnited States. Norway is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council; a member of the European Economic Area, the WTO and the OECD; and is also a part of theSchengen Area.

The country maintains a welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Key domestic issues include maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an ageing population and preserving economic competitiveness.^[2][11] The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product.^[12] The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists, as well as ninth-highest on a more comprehensive CIA list. On a per-capita basis, it is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East,^[13][14] From 2001 to 2006,^[15] and then again from 2009 to 2012, Norway had the highestHuman Development Index ranking in the world.^[16][17][18] Norway has also topped the Legatum Prosperity Index for the last five years.^[19] The OECDranks Norway fourth in the 2013 equalised Better Life Index and third in intergenerational earnings elasticity.^[20][21] From 2010 to 2012, Norway was classified as the most democratic country by the Democrac

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